How to earn money online as a student of psychology?

1. Tutoring: To be an effective tutor, review your course materials thoroughly and identify the areas where you excel. Advertise your tutoring services through college bulletin boards, online platforms, or by word of mouth. You can also consider creating study guides or offering group study sessions.

2. Research assistant: Talk to professors or researchers in your psychology department about potential research assistant positions. These positions can offer valuable hands-on experience, enhance your understanding of research methodologies, and provide networking opportunities.

3. Freelance writing: Start by identifying websites or publications that accept guest contributions on psychology-related topics. Pitch your ideas to them or create your own blog or website to showcase your writing skills. You can monetize your blog through ads or sponsored content once you have built a substantial audience.

4. Conduct surveys or experiments: If you have a research question or topic of interest, discuss it with your professors or researchers in your department. They may guide you on how to develop a research project and secure funding for data collection. You can also reach out to organizations or researchers who might require assistance in gathering data.

5. Online counseling or coaching: Before offering online counseling or coaching services, make sure you have acquired the necessary training and certifications, and that you adhere to legal and ethical guidelines. Establish a professional online presence, create a website, and market your services through social media platforms or professional networks.

6. Create and sell educational materials: Determine the areas where students often struggle in psychology and develop resources to address those challenges. Consider different formats, such as PDF downloads, online courses, or physical products like flashcards. Promote your materials through social media, relevant forums, or academic communities.

7. Virtual assistance: Reach out to psychologists or therapists in your area and offer your services as a virtual assistant. Emphasize your organizational and administrative skills, and highlight how you can help them streamline their practice.

8. Conduct workshops or seminars: Identify specific topics within psychology that you have expertise in or are passionate about. Create engaging workshop content, determine the target audience, and market your event through social media, local communities, or college campuses.

9. Write an e-book: Select a niche topic or a subject within psychology that hasn't been extensively covered in existing literature. Research the market to understand the demand and competition. Write a comprehensive and well-structured e-book, and consider hiring a professional editor or cover designer to enhance its quality.

Remember to continuously enhance your knowledge and skills in psychology by staying updated with the latest research and developments in the field. Seek feedback from professors or professionals in the industry to further improve your work. Building a strong personal brand and networking within the psychology community can also open up additional opportunities for you.

How to download and install Endnote X20 free?/ How to use Endnote Reference management software?

Endnote Reference Management Software

Original author: Clarivate

Developer: Clarivate

License: Closed-source and commercial software

Operating system: Windows (Windows 7 / Windows 7 64 / Windows 8 / Windows 8 64 / Windows 10 / Windows 10 64) and MacOS

Stable release: 20.2 (MacOS)/20.2.1 (Windows) / November 30, 2021; 10 months ago.

 

EndNote a commercial reference management software program. Ichard Niles created EndNote, whose ownership has changed numerous times since Niles & Associates introduced it in 1989. When writing essays, reports, and articles, bibliographies and references are managed using. In 2000, the Institute for Scientific Information's Research Soft Division, a subsidiary of Thomson Corporation, purchased it; in 2016, Clarivate acquired it (then named Clarivate Analytics).  

A reference to a library can be added manually, or by exporting, importing, copying from another EndNote library, or connecting from EndNote. The application displays a window with a dropdown menu from which the user may pick the sort of reference they need (e.g., book, legislative legislation, film, newspaper article, etc.), as well as fields ranging from the general (author, title, year) to those unique to the type of reference (abstract, author, ISBN, running time, etc.) 

Users can export references from most bibliographic databases to their EndNote libraries. This allows the user to pick many citations without having to manually enter the citation information and abstracts. Some databases (for example, PubMed) require the user to choose citations, format them, and save them as.txt files. The references can be imported into the EndNote program by the user. Searching library catalogues and free databases, such as PubMed, is also feasible from within the EndNote software package.

Click here to Download Endnote : http://filehorse.com/download-endnote/

Some Features: 

1. Available for FREE via a 30-day trial.
2.  In EndNote, a complete reference library manager.
3.  Simplified formatting, managing, and searching of bibliographies and references.
4.  Built-in tools for document matching, citation reports, and progressive search.
5.  A tools for automatic creation, updating, and formatting of bibliographies.
6.  Updated for all modern versions of Windows OS. Also available on the iPad.
7.  Grow and accomplish your reference library with online support team.

Chapter Three , Research Methodology/ What is research methodology? What is Research methodology chapter three in thesis?

What research methodology Chapter 3?

The study design, participants, instruments to be used, technique, data analysis strategy, and sample size rationale should all be included in the methodology portion of chapter three. The research questions and hypotheses should also be reiteratively stated in this area, questions for research and hypotheses. Start by outlining the strategies employed to solve the problem clearly. Give a thorough explanation of each methodological component. Describe all of your methodologies and how you used them to your research. Explain why a certain approach is the best option to address your research issue in each case.

Heading of chapter three:

You mention the following in the study project's chapter 3:

1.     Research Design

2.     Population and Sample

3.     Research Instruments

4.     Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Terms

5.     Research Procedure

6.     Data Analysis

7.     Pilot study

  

What is Research Methodology?

Research methodology is: How the study was conducted?

Research methods chapter explains research methodology, research design, procedure, a sample of the study, data collection, research instruments and statistical method for analysis that were utilized in order to accomplish research objectives.

1.     Research Design

        The overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different             components of the study in a coherent and logical way.

2.     Population and sample

  Describe your respondents. (who they are? where they are    from? Total number of participants?  Your sample and sampling method.

3.     Research Instruments

   Describe your instrument in detail.

4.     Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Terms

   A conceptual definition tells you what the concept means, while an operational definition only tells you how to measure it.

   Define the terms operationally, how they are used in the study?

5.     Research Procedure

  Detailed description of how data used in the study was collected.

6.     Data Analysis

  The statistical treatment that you have used to test your hypotheses.

7.     Pilot study

  To check validity and reliability of instruments.

 

Non-probability sampling:  Definition, Types, examples, steps, and more

Non-probability sampling

Non-probability sampling is described as a sampling approach in which samples are chosen based on the researcher's subjective view rather than randomly selected. Each person in the population has an equal probability of getting chosen. It's a more lenient approach. The researchers' knowledge is mainly reliant on this sampling strategy. It is carried out by observation, and it is commonly used in qualitative research(Etikan & Bala, 2017).

In contrast to probability sampling, non-probability sampling is a sampling approach in which not all individuals of the population have an equal chance of participating in the research. Every person in the population has an equal probability of getting chosen. For exploratory investigations, such as a pilot survey, non-probability sampling is ideal (deploying a survey to a smaller sample compared to the pre-determined sample size). Researchers utilize this strategy in investigations where random probability sampling is unfeasible owing to time or expense constraints(Tansey, 2009).

There are four main types of non-probability sample

 1    Convenience

  2    Purposive

 3     Quota

 4     Snowball 

Convenience sampling

Is a non-probability sampling strategy in which samples are chosen from the population only based on their accessibility to the researcher The researchers have chosen these samples only because they are simple to recruit, and they did not consider picking a sample that is representative of the total population(Mweshi & Sakyi, 2020).

In research, it is ideal to test a sample that is representative of the population. However, the population in some studies is too huge to study and consider the complete population. Because of its speed, cost-effectiveness, and ease of availability, convenience sampling, the most common non-probability sampling method, is one of the reasons why researchers rely on it.

Examples of convenience sampling:

A simple example of a convenience sampling approach is when a seller sells promotional booklets and asks questions to selected randomly participants at a shopping center or on a public street.

Businesses employ this sampling strategy to acquire data to address market-related challenges. They also utilize it to gather responses from the sample developed on a single characteristic or a freshly introduced product.

Convenience sampling is commonly used in the early phases of survey research since it is quick and easy to give findings. Even though many statisticians resist using this approach, it is critical in instances where you need insights in a short amount of time or without spending a lot of money(Etikan & Bala, 2017).

Purposive Sampling

Purposive sampling, generally defined as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, is a group of non-probability sampling in which researchers choose people from the public to participate in their surveys based on their own opinion.

 Purposive sampling is used by researchers when they wish to reach a certain group of people, as all survey participants are chosen because they meet a specific profile. Purposive sampling can be done in many several ways. When generating the sample, all a researcher has to do is eliminate those who do not meet a specific profile.

Purposive Sampling Examples:

Here's an illustration of how market research purposive sampling works:

An organization performs pilot testing to gain market input before introducing a new wine product. The researcher selects skilled wine tasters as part of the sample population to give useful feedback for product enhancement.

Educational research can also benefit from the use of purposeful sampling. Assume you wish to get feedback from kids on their school's educational practices. You go ahead and handpick the smartest pupils who can contribute to your methodical inquiry with pertinent information.

Quota Sampling:

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique in which researchers generate a sample of people who represent a population. These people were chosen by the researchers based on certain characteristics or features. They decide on quotas and set them up so that market research samples may be used to collect data. These samples can be used to estimate the population as a whole. Only the interviewer's or researcher's understanding of the population will determine the final subgroup.

Example of quota sampling

For example, a drug producer would wish to know which age group in a city loves which brand of smokes. Quotas are applied to the age ranges 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+. The researcher uses this data to estimate the smoking rate in the city's population(Berndt, 2020).

Snowball Sampling

Snowball sampling (also known as chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, or referral sampling) is a nonprobability sampling approach in which current research participants recruit prospective study participants from their circle of friends. As a result, the sample group is said to expand like a snowball. As the sample grows, enough information is collected to be valuable for study. This sampling approach is frequently utilized in difficult-to-reach populations, such as drug users or sex workers. Snowball samples are prone to a variety of biases since sample members are not chosen from a sampling frame. (Goodman, 1961)

Example of snowball sampling

People with a large number of friends, for example, are more likely to be included in the study. This approach is known as virtual snowball sampling when it is employed with virtual social networks. (Goodman, 1961).

 

References

1.          Goodman, L.A. (1961). "Snowball sampling". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 32 (1): 148–170. doi:10.1214/arms/1177705148.
2.        Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International  Journal, 5(6), 00149
3. .         ^ "Snowball Sampling". Experiment-resources.com. (accessed 8 May 2011).
4. .         Berndt, A. E. (2020). Sampling methods. Journal of Human Lactation, 36(2), 224-226.
5.            Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 00149.
6.            Goodman, L. A. (1961). Snowball Sampling. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 32(1), 148-170, 123. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177705148
7.             Mweshi, G. K., & Sakyi, K. (2020). Application Of Sampling Methods For The Research Design. Archives of Business Review–Vol, 8(11).
8.                  Tansey, O. (2009). Process tracing and elite interviewing: a case for non-probability sampling. In Methoden der vergleichenden Politik-und Sozialwissenschaft (pp. 481-496). Springer.

 

What is Probability Sampling with examples? Types of probability sampling

What is Probability Sampling with examples?

Probability sampling:

A sampling approach in which the researcher picks samples from diverse populations using a strategy based on the notion of opportunity is known as possible sampling. A participant must be chosen at random to be considered as a representative sample of opportunities(Tillé & Wilhelm, 2017).

Probability sampling uses statistical theory to choose a small group of people (sample) at random from a large population and then estimate that all of their replies will equal the total population(Tillé & Wilhelm, 2017).

The most crucial criterion for sampling is that everyone in your society has an equal and known chance to vote. If you had a population of 100 people, for example, 1 out of every 100 concerns may be chosen. Possible sampling provides you the highest chance of obtaining a sample that accurately reflects the population(Chen, 2019).

A probability sample may be divided into four categories.

ü Simple random sampling

ü Systematic sampling

ü Stratified sampling

ü Cluster sampling

1.   What is Simple random sampling?

A simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population in which each element of the subset has an equal probability of being taken. A simple random sample is devoted to being an unprejudiced representation of a set.

 

Example:

An example of a simple random sample would be the names of 25 workers being chosen out of a cap from a company of 250 workers. In this case, the population is all 250 workers, and the sample is random because each employee has an equal chance of being taken. (Roy, 2019)

2.   What is Systematic Sampling?

Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling approach in which sample elements from a weighty population are taken according to a random starting point but with a set, periodic interval. This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by parting the population size by the asked sample size. Despite the sample population being chosen in advance, s

systematic sampling is quite permitted as existing random if the periodic interval is determined previously and the starting point is random.  (Tillé & Wilhelm, 2017)

3.   What is Stratified random sampling?

Stratified random sampling is an approach of sampling that involves the separation of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, or grouping, the strata are formed predicated on members' participated attributes or characteristics such as income or educational achievement. (Shabbir & Gupta, 2017)

4.   What is Cluster sampling?

Cluster sampling is a probability sampling way in which divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample(Verma, 2019)

When to Use Probability Sampling?

1. To decrease sample bias: This sampling approach is employed when bias should be kept to a minimum. The quality of the research description is heavily influenced by sample selection. The method by which researchers pick their sample has a substantial impact on the quality of the researcher's conclusions. Because it gives a fair sample of the population, possible sampling contributes to the acquisition of high quality.

2. Where population size differs: This strategy is often used by researchers since it allows them to construct samples that fully represent the population. It states that we aim to learn how many people prefer medical trips to their nations. This sampling approach will aid in the selection of samples for various socioeconomic groups, backgrounds, and so on to reflect the population.

3. Obtaining an accurate finding: Sample opportunities assist researchers in obtaining reliable samples of their subjects. To get well-defined data, the researchers employed recognized statistical approaches to generate accurate sample sizes.

References

Chen, Y. (2019). Hierarchical variable probability sampling for carbon estimation the University of New Brunswick.].

Roy, M. (2019). Sampling methods: A survey. In Research Methodology for Social Sciences (pp. 181-205). Routledge India.

Shabbir, J., & Gupta, S. (2017). Estimation of finite population means in simple and stratified random sampling using two auxiliary variables. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 46(20), 10135-10148.

Tillé, Y., & Wilhelm, M. (2017). Probability sampling designs: principles for the choice of design and balancing. Statistical Science, 176-189.

Verma, J. (2019). Sampling Techniques. In Statistics and Research Methods in Psychology with Excel (pp. 291-332). Springer.